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What is the criterion for achieving proficiency in a certain area on standardized tests?

  1. The number of questions answered incorrectly.

  2. The attainment of predetermined cutoff scores.

  3. The ability to write essays.

  4. The overall high school GPA.

The correct answer is: The attainment of predetermined cutoff scores.

In standardized testing, proficiency in a certain area is typically determined by the attainment of predetermined cutoff scores. This means that there are specific scores set by the test creators that indicate the level of understanding and knowledge a test taker possesses in that subject area. This criterion is set beforehand to standardize the evaluation process and ensure consistency in assessing proficiency across all test takers. The other options - the number of questions answered incorrectly, the ability to write essays, and the overall high school GPA - are not usually the primary criteria for determining proficiency in standardized tests.